from an antiterrorism perspective espionage

#From an antiterrorism perspective espionage series

In response, some in the international community, especially academics, have sought to label terrorist groups according to their motivational goals or ideologies rather than in terms of criminal acts, as is the approach within the United Nations system. Identified causes of terrorism have instead ranged through the entire spectrum of human discontent, including the economic, political, social, psychological, ideological, etc., with short or long-term goals, both objective and subjective, becoming the object of violence (Whittaker, 2001, p.

In any event, many terrorist activities that have occurred during the post-1945 era have not been associated with self-determination debates at all. On issues such as self-determination, including the ongoing 'freedom fighter versus terrorist' conundrum, what is important to understand is that these issues have been, continue and are likely to remain contentious and have implications for issues such as the continuing inability of the international community to agree on a universal definition of terrorism with law-making consequences. Rather it seeks to provide an impartial commentary on legal and interdisciplinary approaches to terrorism and counter-terrorism, by identifying the existence of ongoing debates, where appropriate, in order to assist students in better comprehending current approaches to the phenomenon of terrorism and current responses to it by States and intergovernmental organizations, including the United Nations system.

#From an antiterrorism perspective espionage series

This Module, as well as the University Module Series as a whole, does not attempt to comment on the accuracy or otherwise of particular legal or political positions. As a consequence, conflicting interpretations of relevant Charter principles and provisions surrounding self-determination quickly arose and have remained ever since. Difficulties with and controversies regarding the practical operation of equal rights and self-determination soon arose, including where national liberation agendas stretched far beyond the narrow confines of the League of Nations mandate system and the protection of minorities. The Charter contextualizes the Organization's obligation to 'develop friendly relations' among nations (not 'States') based on the principles of equal rights and the self-determination of 'peoples'.

XVI), articles 1(2) and 55 (see also 1941 Atlantic Charter).

A recurring feature of discussions, debates and political sensitivities regarding terrorism during the post-1945 United Nations era have related to issues of terror-violence by so-called 'liberation fighters' claiming to be utilizing 'direct action' to pursue their right to the self-determination of peoples, as they argued is provided for in the United Nations Charter (Treaty Series, vol.